Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay Example

Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay Person-centred therapy ( besides referred to as Rogerian Psychology ) is the psychological method founded by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers. It is centred on the thought that the person has tremendous potency for understanding themselves and hence is best placed in the resolution of their ain issues without any direct ejaculations from the healer. Hence the therapy revolves around the person as the booster and designer of their ain ego alteration ( Corey. 2009 ) . So it would be pertinent to state that one`s ego construct is of great accent in this therapy and therefore is defined as the personal perceptual experiences one believes about themselves ( Rogers. 2003 ) . The therapy furthermore provinces that all of us have the capacity for growing towards fulfillment of our life`s wants and aspirations. That being said. it is of extreme importance that the healer provides a comfy menace free environment for the person. as to take down their guard. to do it easier for them to tr uly accept who they are as effectual personal growing occurs through minimised defensiveness ( Mearns A ; Thorne. 2007 ) . If the aforesaid life aspirations. potencies and fulfillments are so reached this is referred to as self realization and it is the strong belief of this therapy that this inclination is the one indispensable motivation driving all of us. If this inclination is promoted and helped along. the individual will boom and develop and get down populating what they term â€Å"the good life† . We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By â€Å"the good life† the therapy is mentioning to the thought that the person will hold reached an vertex of a positive mental mentality. hold reached a degree of congruity and would get down to swear their feelings. Conversely if that inclination is constrained or blocked. the individual will deteriorate and/or have greater troubles ( Rogers. 1951 ) . The importance of this can neer be underestimated and is of peculiar importance as Rogers confirms: â€Å"The being has one basic inclination and endeavoring – to realize. maintain. and heighten the sing organism† ( Rogers. 1951. p. 487 ) . The being Rogers ( and so the full therapy in general ) in that quotation mark makes mention to is the single individual as a whole inclusive of one`s emotions. ideas and public assistance ( Rogers. 2003 ) . Person-centred therapy has similarities to Adlerian psychological science in the manner of Adler`s societal involvement constructs which reflects in Rogers core condition s of curative alteration. The footing of this is in the accent Adlerian psychological science invests in lovingness and empathy being at the Centre of therapy sing societal involvement ( Watts. 1998 ) . but whereas Adlerian psychological science attempts to acquire to the Southern Cross of the issue through applied techniques. the Person-centred healer is non-directive and allows the client to take the conversation. The healer will inquire inquiries and forward scenarios relevant to what the client is discoursing. without replying any directed inquiries. in an effort to authorise the client to so gain the issue at manus and the solution to it for themselves ( Rogers. 2003 ) . Initially there were 6 conditions that were cardinal to Person-centred therapy that are necessary in order to accomplish curative alteration and stimulate growing in a client. The first of these is that two people must prosecute in psychological contact in order for therapy to commence. The 2nd status refers to the fact that the client is assumed to be in a province of incongruence ( the disagreement between the matching of your experiences and consciousness which consequences in there being an instability between the alliance of your feelings and actions ) . The following status is that the healer himself must be to the full self-conscious and congruent with the client at all times. The 4th status is that the healer portra ys unconditioned positive respect ( UPR ) towards the client. At figure five is that the healer must. above all else. expose empathetic understanding towards what the client reveals without acquiring emotionally involved. The concluding status is that the look to the client of the therapist’s empathy and positive respect must be achieved to a minimum grade ( Rogers. 1957 ) . Over the old ages. nevertheless. the aforesaid 6 conditions have developed. revised and therefore reduced to 3 nucleus conditions as over clip the others were viewed as incidental. The 3 conditions that remained and are practiced today are foremost â€Å"congruence† ; defined in Person-centred therapy as the healer holding to be every bit echt as he possible can towards the client. which is indispensable as it aids in the constitution of trust between the client and the healer and therefore is considered by many to be the most of import portion of reding. The 2nd nucleus status is â€Å"empathy† . which is characterised as a meaningful and subjective apprehension of the client and seeing the issue at manus from the client’s position ( i. e. – what the client is experiencing ) . The healer needs t o look improbably reliable and sensitive during Sessionss. but must ever be careful non to confound empathy with understanding. Furthermore the healer must pay attending to the client’s experiences as if they were their ain. but non at the disbursal of going lost in those emotions. This is referred to as accurate emphasized apprehension. The 3rd nucleus status is â€Å"unconditional positive respect and acceptance† ( UPR ) . This encapsulates the construct that regardless what the client reveals during therapy. be it good or bad. it will be accepted unconditionally by the healer with no opinion passed whilst demoing meaningful and echt apprehension for the client. This leads to the client being more at easiness and more willing to portion experiences without fright of being judged ( Corey. 2009 ) . Person-centred therapy believes that these conditions. every bit good as the aforesaid ego realization. are all necessary in the accomplishment of going a â€Å"fully functioning person† . A â€Å"fully functional person† is the province of being reached when a individual is to the full congruous and comfy with populating life in the present ( i. e. – non held back by past bad experiences and lives well more freely ) and when the client has reached this province. it is so that the healer will ge t down the â€Å"ending† treatment. The â€Å"ending† treatment refers to the healer originating the thought of ending the Sessionss as Oklahoman or subsequently ; the client needs to travel it on their ain ( Mearns A ; Thorne. 2007 ) . â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts. what directions to travel. what jobs are important. what experiences have been profoundly buried† ( Rogers. 1961. p. 11 ) . Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay Example Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay The Person Centred attack is based upon the theory and doctrine of Carl Rogers. This attack in its set-up is familiar to the general populace as it is depicted in the media and is frequently expected hence that a guidance session would take topographic point in this format. At first glimpse the guidance procedure which has derived from the theory of Rogers. in a existent therapy state of affairs appears simplistic. To to the full reply the inquiry whether this design offers a healer all they need to handle their clients it is of import to hold a sound cognition of the theory. and place the successes and drawbacks connected with this. In the 1950s Carl Rogers gained congratulations for printing ‘Client Centred Therapy’ and for his work on the Person Centred attack. Roger’s work is still praised and forms the footing for many theoretical and practical attacks to reding. Rogers work was classified as a Humanistic Therapy and tantrums within the three chief signifiers of psychological therapies today. which are listed below ; We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Person-Centred Therapy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Behavioural Therapies* Psychoanalytical and Psychodynamic Therapies* Humanistic TherapiesPerson Centred guidance was based around three nucleus conditions. devised by Rogers ;1. Unconditional Positive Regard2. Genuineness/Congruence3. Empathy It is considered indispensable for all counselors to expose these properties and to systematically supply these to each client irrespective of circumstance. The Person Centred attack views the client as their ain best authorization on their ain experience. and it views the client as being to the full capable of carry throughing their ain potency for growing. It recognizes. nevertheless. that accomplishing possible requires favorable conditions and that under inauspicious conditions. persons may good non turn and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. In peculiar. when persons are denied credence and positive respect from others. or when that positive respect is made conditional upon the single behaving in peculiar ways they may get down to lose touch with what their ain experience agencies for them. and their innate inclination to turn in a way consistent with that significance may be stifled. This does offer a alone position for both client and healer to let an unlocking of the client’s echt ego. The premiss of this theory is that human existences are innately good and given free chance they will endeavor for goodness. further reaffirming the nucleus conditions. If we believe that worlds are good. we should ever be able to provide unconditioned positive respect. congruity and empathy. The function that theory dramas in the procedure and result of guidance has been a topic of treatment. for about every bit long as guidance has been a profession. While schools of therapy have argued that different theories produce differing and nonequivalent results. this place has been challenged on legion occasions. Fiedler ( 1951 ) foremost observed that healers of differing orientations were really similar in their positions of the â€Å"ideal therapy. † Then Sundland and Barker ( 1962 ) reported that more experient healers tended to be more similar. regardless of their theoretical orientation. In their extended reappraisal of the topic. Gelso and Carter ( 1985 ) stated that â€Å"m ost clients will gain about every bit ( but in different ways ) from the different therapies† . They go on to propose that the consequence of procedure and relationship do differ among therapies and that some clients may make better with one attack than with another. based upon these two factors. Finally. Stiles. Shapiro and Elliott ( 1986 ) concluded that â€Å" ( a ) common characteristics shared by all psychotherapeuticss underlie or override differences in therapists’ verbal techniques and ( B ) these common characteristics are responsible for the general equality in effectivity ( of therapies ) † . Process and relationship possibly considered every bit relevant as theoretical conceptualization of a given job. One can presume that a guidance procedure must be structured for each client irrespective of what theory you adhere to. The work of Rogers does make this by utilizing the nucleus conditions. nevertheless ; arguably less so than other theories due to a deficiency of distinguishable ‘techniques’ . Hough et al lend the following for a successfu l guidance relationship to happen ; 1. Establish a safe. swearing environment – as outlined by Carl Rogers making a relationship with the client which is in line with the nucleus conditions. 2. Clarify: Help the individual put their concern into words. As the individual centred attack maintains this is how a client would be assisted by being preponderantly speaking and the counselor largely listening. 3. Use Active hearing: happen out the client’s docket. what do they trust to accomplish by coming for reding. a ) Paraphrase. summarise. reflect and construe – To guarantee that there is a greater apprehension of what the client is seeking to state. B ) Focus on feelings. non events – guidance is covering with emotional and mental wellness. so it is of import to unravel the feelings instead than to plane over them. like a layman would make. 4. Transform job statements into end statements – allow the client to picture a program towards achieving their end. 5. Explore possible attacks to end. to narrow and consider their picks. 6. Help individual take one manner towards their end which is executable. 7. Make a contract to carry through the program ( or to take the following measure ) . 8. Summarize what has occurred. clarify. and acquire confirmation from the client that this is still their end. 9. Get feedback and verification that the end remains as earlie r. Ultimately as with all the Counselling paradigms it is cardinal to enable the client to derive control of their ain life and make their ain decisions. The chief paradigms underpin the procedures of reding normally. nevertheless ; the lesser known theoretical accounts are besides used. If this can be agreed upon. this might propose that the Person centred attack does carry through the demands of a healer when naming a job and making a program where they are guided but the content is filled by the client. The Person Centred attack besides gave rise to the construct of ‘The Organismic Self’ ; a province which is considered to genuinely be integral for a short infinite of clip. in basic footings this is a form of our pure selves. being precisely as we are without external influence. This theory tracks our human experience and maintains that this shortly becomes corrupted by what is called the ‘Self Concept’ . Self Concept is the term given to explicate outside influences on the Organismic Self. It could be said that the conflict between who we genuinely are as people and what the universe and important people around us feel we should be is what causes us to experience lost. If we think of the Organismic Self as being at one with ourselves and experiencing that who we are. what we do and our general feeling of interior harmoniousness as being comfy. the opposite is true of the Self Concept. this is by and large a feeling of clumsiness. feeling lost. unreal and can ensue in ulterior life as a crisis. Humanist attacks in general are concerned with subjects which are meaningful to human existences which makes it particularly good as a theory for reding. Humanist attacks are besides considerate of subjective experience and unpredictable events which occur in human lives. Does this so suggest that the Person centred attack is flexible and allows the healer to turn to all affairs which may originate instead than. relatively utilizing a CBT ( Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ) attack which focusses entirely on the present. As a complex of the Person centred attack and general Humanistic theories. it is of import to admit the construct of ‘Self Actualisation’ . The phrase was foremost coined by Kurt Goldstein. but is possibly better known as associated with Abraham Maslow and his Hierarchy Of Needs and is defined as below ; â€Å"†¦ . the desire for self-realization. viz. the inclination for him [ the single ] to go actualised in what he is potentially. This inclination might be phrased as the desire to go more and more what one is. to go everything that one is capable of going. † In mention to his Hierarchy of Needs theory. Maslow advised that merely 1 % of all people are self-actualised which would deduce the demand for reding aid to be great. As mentioned above the flexibleness of this attack may be deemed to let healers to handle a huge figure of clients. as the turning demand for reding emerges. The non-intrusive nature of the therapy a the comparatively comfy set-up of the guidance Sessionss within the Person Centred attack highlights how easy it is to use this attack practically. We surely know of the efficaciousness of the Person Centred attack. in its comtinued usage in modern twenty-four hours therapy. nevertheless ; we must see the strengths of other presently used attacks to exemplify where the Person Centred attack could better. I have chosen to utilize the Psychodynamic attack to research this. One of the strengths of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it provided a valuable penetration into how early experiences or relationships can impact our grownup personality. One of the illustrations of this is that arrested developments can be caused at the Oral Stage of psychosexual development such as being separated from the primary health professional excessively early. These arrested developments can so take to psychological jobs. Supporting grounds for this strength was carried out by Jacobs at Al ( 1966 ) utilizing Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of tobacco users and non-smokers. It was found that tobacco users emerged as being significantly more unwritten. Another strength of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it is the first attack to seek and try to explicate mental unwellness in psychological footings and has had an tremendous influence on the apprehension and intervention of mental upsets. An illustration of this is Psychoanalysis and Dream Therapy which aims to do the unconscious stuff witting so it is easier to cover with as Freud believed that dreams showed our concealed desires. Evidence to back up this was carried out by Sandell ( 1999 ) who studied the symptoms of more than 700 patients before and after three old ages of depth psychology and found that patients had significantly fewer symptoms after the therapy. The Psychodynamic Approach besides displays failings. in that most of Freud’s is based on findings of instance surveies. and anecdotal mentions where instances are frequently alone and there are jobs with generalization. Like the Psychodynamic Approach. the Person Centred attack does non disregard the importance of historical and childhood events. This is highlignhted in their subtheory ‘Conditions of worth’ which are defined as ‘restrictions imposed on self-expression in order to gain positive regard’ . which are non in and of themselves a bad thing. nevertheless ; it is possible for these conditions to be overused that they can get down to be a job. For illustration a kid will seek to fulfill the status of worth imposed by their parents ; without gaining. parents may make more complex conditions for deriving their attending. As kids grow they learn a new set of regulations for deriving attending. the best forecaster of effect for behaviour is past experience. As such a kid may larn that to have congratulations from their Father is to acquire good consequences at school or fall in the football squad. From another position. a kid may larn that they get more attending when th ey fail at something or are experiencing sad. as opposed to when they are successful and happy. They may besides happen that they are surrounded by more friends. more frequently when they behave in a peculiar manner or indulge in peculiar activities that are ‘acceptable’ . By the clip an single reaches their teenage old ages. most people have a complex system of regulations to stay by if we want to have love. congratulations and positive respect from others. Slowly this system of conditions of worth works its manner into a person’s overall manner of sing the universe they live in. They adopt these conditions as their ain values. barricading out the true organismal values that comprise who they truly are. As their existent ego is blocked out by this adoptive system of values. incongruence consequences. The regulations for love and positive respect lead them to populate a different life. a life incongruent with who they truly are. a life that does non fulfill all their other demands and tragically. frequently doesn’t even genuinely satisfy their demand for positive respect. Due to this. people can go unhappy. dying and down. but frequently they merely try to revise and alter the conditions they are utilizing for positive respect. They may alter their veneer. but non the root of the job. They merely shift the contents of their complex system of worth instead than paring it back and exposing their existent. true values. It’s this latter province that Person Centred therapy seeks to make. leting the counselor to merely seek to take any conditions of worth from their relationship with the client. They offer merely unconditioned positive respect. This creates an environment in which a little cleft is placed in the person’s overarching system of conditional worth. In such an environment the individual can get down to admit and understand what it is they genuinely want and need. These values are ever seeking to be heard. but are blocked out by our complex set of concepts we use to seek to derive conditional positive respect. Person centred therapy merely creates a topographic point where this system is pushed back. and one’s true values can emerge. A individual is so free to see who he is and what he wants. without the menace of a loss of positive respect. No affair what is said. he can anticipate unconditioned respect. Overall this subtheory shows a consistence throughout the Person Centred attack. binding the chief premiss of the nucleus conditions to the manner in which each client is treated. To reason my appraisal of the utility and effectivity of the Person Centred Therapy. I hope to hold demonstrated my current degree of understanding sing this topic and illustrated how it can be used practically. It is clear that the current and uninterrupted widespread usage of the Person-Centred attack attests for its effectivity in pattern. It is good and justified to ever concentrate on the client and their journey through whatever jobs they are confronting and this peculiar attack maintains the healer in making so. I believe that the most effectual method of handling patients is that adopted by Chrysalis. a multidiscipline attack. whereby one can amend the tool used based upon the presented job. MentionsWeb sites ;hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bapca. org. uk/hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Person-centered_therapyhypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-actualizationhypertext transfer protocol: //wiki. replies. com/Q/What_is_organismic_selfhypertext transfer protocol: //www. person-centered-therapy. com/conditions-of-worth/Texts ;Edward L. Deci. Richard M. Ryan ( 1985 ) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour ; Springer Publishing.

The Most Common Place Names in America

The Most Common Place Names in America Is there a place name that exists in all 50  U.S.  states? It depends on what you count as a city, town, or village- for example, whether a township name counts as a town and whether youll count county names as well, as they also contain populations. Sources vary widely as to what is the most prolific place name throughout the United States. This piece follows World Atlass numbers for count and MSN for the largest city with that name. Washington (88) Although Springfield is commonly thought of as the most prolific place name in the United States, Washington is the most common, according to World Atlas, with 88 place names. There are even more if you count places where Washington is only a portion of the name. Springfield (41) Springfield is in second place, coming in with 41 cities and towns named it, the first being in Massachusetts, naturally, in 1636, after a city in England. Its a long-running debate among fans of the animated TV series The Simpsons as to which state the family actually lives in, because Springfields are seemingly everywhere and the TV series makes a point never to specify which state theyre in. Franklin (35) In third place is Franklin, with 35 cities and towns named after founding father Benjamin Franklin, who was integral in the Declaration of Independence, served as an ambassador to France, and helped establish the U.S. Postal Service. The most populous Franklin city is in Tennessee and has  68,549 residents as of 2017. Greenville (31) A lot of city and town founders must have enjoyed the scenery where they put down roots, as the name Greenville is next, with 31 U.S. instances. The name appears coast to coast. One of the first founded was in South Carolina,  in 1786. Bristol (29) If there are any city names that sound as if it were plucked straight out of Britain, the place name of Bristol has to be at the top of that list. It has 29 cities and towns named after it in the United States, and in Britain, its historically been a commercial center and important seaport. Clinton (29) The first tie on the list comes up here, with the moniker of Clinton also notching 29 instances in the United States. New York state alone has three Clinton place names, the village, town,  and county of. The most populous city by that name is in Maryland, with more than 39,000 inhabitants, and the city in Arkansas wasnt named after its governor turned president but after New York governor DeWitt Clinton. Fairview (27) Fairview might be popular around the country as a name, but the cities across the United States must be fairly small if the most populous is the one in New Jersey at just over 14,000 residents. Founders of these cities must have liked the scenery around their location and realized that the name Greenville was already taken. Salem (26) Of the 26 Salems in the country, the one in  Massachusetts is where the infamous 1692 witch trials were.  The city in Oregon is the largest, though, coming in at just over  160,000 in population. Madison (24) Known for his work on  US Constitution and the Bill of Rights, fourth president James Madison has 24 place names sprinkled throughout the United States that carry his surname. The largest city is the capital of Wisconsin, which has  243,122  people living there. Georgetown (23)   Being that Washington is tops, its no surprise that George towns  also make this list. The United States has 23 Georgetowns, in fact, though some could have been named for other Georges or even the former king of England. Georgetown, Texas, is the largest city, with a population of  56,102.

North American Birch Tree Identification

North American Birch Tree Identification Most everyone has some recognition of the birch tree, a tree with light-colored white, yellow, or grayish bark that often separates into thin papery plates and is characteristically marked with long horizontal  dark raised lines (also known as lenticils). But how can you identify birch trees and their leaves in order to tell different types apart? Characteristics of North American Birch Trees Birch species are generally small- or medium-sized trees or large shrubs, mostly found in northern temperate climates in Asia,  Europe, and North America.  The simple leaves may be toothed or pointed with serrated edges, and the fruit is a small samara- a small seed with papery wings. Many types of birch grow in clumps of two to four closely spaced separate trunks.   All North American birches have double-toothed leaves and are yellow and showy in the fall. Male catkins appear in late summer near the tips of small twigs or long shoots. The female cone-like catkins follow in the spring and bare small winged samaras drop from that mature structure. Birch trees are sometimes confused with beech and alder trees. Alders, from the family  Alnus, are very similar to the birch; the principal distinguishing feature is that alders have catkins that are woody and do not disintegrate in the way that birch catkins do. Birches also have bark that more readily layers into segments; alder bark is fairly smooth and uniform. The confusion with beech trees stems from the fact the beech also has light-colored bark and serrated leaves. But unlike the birch, beeches have smooth bark that often has a skin-like appearance and they tend to grow considerably taller than birches, with thicker trunks and branches.   In the native environment, birches are considered pioneer species, which means that they tend to colonize in open,  grassy areas, such as spaces cleared by forest fire or abandoned farms.  You will often find them in meadowy areas, including meadows where cleared farmland is in the process of reverting to woodlands.   Interestingly, the sweet sap of the birch can be reduced into syrup and was once used as birch beer. The tree is valuable to wildlife species that depend on the catkins and seeds for food, and the trees are an important timber for woodworking and cabinetry. Taxonomy All birches fall into the general plant family of  Betulaceae, which are closely related to the  Fagaceae  family, including beeches and oaks. The various birch species fall into the  Betula  genus, and there are several that are common North American trees in natural environments or used for landscape design purposes. Because in all beech species the leaves and catkins are similar and they all have very much the same foliage color, the main way to distinguish the species is by close examination of the bark.   4  Common Birch Species The four most common birch species in North America are described below.   Paper birch (Betula  papyrifera): Also known as canoe birch, silver birch, or white birch, this is the species more widely recognized as the iconic birch. In its native environment, it can be found in forest borders across the northern and central U.S. Its bark is dark when the tree is young, but quickly develops the characteristic bright white bark that peels so readily in thick layers that it was once used to make bark canoes. The species grows to about 60 feet tall but is relatively short-lived. It is susceptible to borer insects and is no longer used widely in landscape design due to its susceptibility to damage.  River birch (Betula nigra): Sometimes called black birch, this species has a much darker trunk than the paper birch, but still has the characteristic flaky surface. In its native environment, it is common to the eastern third of the U.S. Its trunk has a much rougher, coarser appearance than most of the other birches, and it is bigger than the paper birch, sometimes growing to 80 feet or more. It prefers moist soil, and although short-lived, it is relatively immune to most diseases. It is a common  choice in residential landscape design.   Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis): This tree is native to forests of the northeast U.S. and is also known as the swamp birch due to the fact that it is often found in marshy areas. It is the largest of the birches, easily growing to 100 feet in height.  It has silvery-yellow bark that peels in very thin layers. Its bark does not have the thick layers seen in paper birches nor the very rough texture seen in river birches.  Sweet birch (Betula lenta): This species, also known in some areas as the cherry birch, is native to the eastern U.S., especially the Appalachian region. Growing to 80 feet, its bark is dark in color, but unlike the dark river birch, the skin is relatively tight and smooth, with deep vertical scores. From a distance, the impression is of a smooth, silver bark marked by irregular vertical black lines.

HRM(see below my topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRM(see below my topic) - Essay Example The size of the labor market, the image of a company, the place of posting, the nature of job, the compensation package and a host of other factors influence the manner in which job aspirants are likely to respond to the recruiting efforts of a company. Through the process of recruitment, a company tries to locate prospective employees and encourages them to apply for vacancies at various levels. Recruiting thus, provides a pool of applicants for selection. (i) Transfer. It involves the shifting of an employee from one job to a one department to another or from one shift to another. Transfer is a good source of filling vacancies with employees from overstaffed departments or shifts. at the time of transfer, it should be ensured that the employee to be transferred to another .job is capable of performing it. In fact, transfer does not involve any drastic change in the responsibilities, pay and status of the employee. Transfers or job rotations are also used for training of employees in learning different jobs. (ii) Promotion. It leads to shifting an employee to a higher position, carrying higher responsibilities, facilities, status and pay. Many companies follow the practice of filling higher jobs by promoting employees who are considered fit for such positions. Filling vacancies in higher jobs from within the organization has the benefit of motivating the existing employees. It has a great psychological impact over the employees because a promotion at the higher level may lead to a chain of promotions at lower levels in the organization(Rao, 2005, p-148) Why should Internal Sources be used Filling vacancies in higher jobs from within the organization or through internal transfers has the following merits (Braver, 1998, p15-16): Employees are motivated to improve their performance. Morale of the employees is increased. Industrial peace prevails in the enterprise because of promotional avenues. Filling of jobs internally is cheaper as compared to getting candidates from external sources. A promotion at a higher level may lead to a chain of promotions at lower levels in the organization. This motivates the employees to improve their performance through learning and practice. Transfer or job rotation is a tool of training the employees to

Architecture - Avant Garde Architectural Theory Essay

Architecture - Avant Garde Architectural Theory - Essay Example In the beginning of 1922, the Viennese Hungarian Activists were gaining victory. After banishing from Hungary they got together in Vienna. Earlier this year, some of them started to get cut off from Kassak and Ma, making their own groups. In impact of Russian Avant garde was the main cause for the Hungarian Activists to break from Dada and join International Constructivism. The Activist "artists and writers" were the main groups forming the Hungarian Avant garde during that time (Botar, 1993). Brutalism was a movement in architecture which flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. Pioneered in continental Europe by Le Corbusier, its main protagonists in Britain were the husband and wife team of Peter and Alison Smithson. The Smithsons were determined to preserve the best aspects of the heroic Modernism of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and other early pioneers, and to save British Modernism from what they considered creeping whimsies. The term itself (often credited to the critic Reynar Banham) is perhaps unfortunate- suggesting as it does a type of building which is ugly and unfriendly, and its association with much of Britain's welfare state architecture has not helped the movement's reputation, at least in the eyes of the public (The New Architecture, 1955). Also in the research paper, one building and one piece of text will be analysed. The building to be analysed is the Hunstanton school, by Alison and Peter Smithson in Norfolk, Britain and the piece of text to be analysed is "Banham, Peter Rayner 1955-'The New Brutalism' from architecture review." After the Second World War, British Modernists were increasingly sought after by the authorities who wanted to rebuild a physically shattered country and enact social change through the construction of a cradle-to-grave welfare state. But the architecture of the early welfare state avoided the stringent Modernism advocated by the pre-war pioneers in CIAM, opting instead to ape the gentle style of Sweden's long established social architecture. The apotheosis of this 'humanist' Modernism came in 1951, with the Festival of Britain, centred on the South Bank in London. (The New Architecture, 1955) For Peter and Alison Smithson, modernism was not just that. They demanded a return to a more rigid, formal architecture and put their ideas to work with their Secondary School in Hunstanton, Norfolk, completed in 1954. At Hunstanton, the Smithsons made a virtue of the construction process of the building: structural and service elements were left exposed and the austere steel and glass frame gave the building a skeletal appearance. This "truth to materials" approach was anti-aesthetic, but, the Smithsons believed, more honest and true to Modernism's basic principles. Reynar Banham dubbed the school 'the New Brutalism', a movement which aimed, in his words, to "make the whole conception of the building plain and comprehensible. No mystery, no romanticism, no obscurities about function and circulation." In France, Le Corbusier was also experimenting with new ways of using the Modernists' favourite material, concrete. His "breton brut" (literally, "raw concrete") technique characterised his Unite d'Habitation in Marseilles: a giant housing block with shops and other

Jackie Robinson Essays -- Sports, Dodgers, First Black Player

Throughout his professional career, Jackie Robinson, received criticism for being the first â€Å"black† player to play the game. Not only did Jackie Robinson manage to live up to the criticism, he also changed the face of America’s greatest past time forever. With his entrance into the MLB he opened the path for great black players like Hank Aaron, Roberto Clemente, Willie Mays, and Ozzie Smith just to name a few. In crossing the color-barrier in baseball Robinson not only strived as a great player on the field, but also a inspiration to the black community of the field with his humility, and willingness to move forward in a time where blacks were not considered â€Å"equal†. Jackie Robinson was one of the most profound individuals to ever walk on this earth. Robinson established a reputation as a man who never tolerated insults to his dignity (Kahn 6). One of his accomplishments was entering the major leagues and is one of the most remarkable and inspiring accomplishments in sports history. When Robinson became the first black to play in Major League Baseball, he changed Americans’ views on racism forever. Robinson was born the youngest of five children near Cairo, Georgia, on January 31, 1919. Robinson’s father, a sharecropper, left the family when Robinson was only about 2 years old. His mother, named Mallie McGriff Robinson, moved to Pasadena, California, to find work. (James 5) Trouble found Robinson at an early age, when he became a member of the Pasadena gang (7). At that school, he played several sports. He even lettered in: track, baseball, football, and basketball. His largest inspiration was most likely his older brother Matthew. He was a shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, a quarterback on the football team, a guard... ...a lifetime batting average of .311. He appeared in six All-Star Games and six World Series with the Dodgers. At the 1972 World Series, which commemorated the 25th anniversary of his rookie season, a physically deteriorating but still crusading Robinson, a diabetic, said he hoped to live to see blacks in baseball management jobs. Nine days later, he died of a heart attack at the young age of 53. Today, with the dominance of black players in professional sports, it seems unfathomable that a mere 50 years ago, not only were black athletes absent in all mainstream sporting arenas, it was simply not an option and even illegal in some states. His legacy is the inspiration he gives to athletes and people of all color. Robinson is heroic, in part, because of the excellence of his athletic achievement and equally important, for his political commitment to racial equality.

Leadership in Nursing Administration

Leadership is found to be an important factor in the administration of nursing practice, since this practice of nursing requires the leading practioners to be consistent and have knowledge to inspire and encourage others in the working environment through which an individual can provide a better health care in the nursing profession. The qualities for a good leader in this profession include; having a vision, collaborating with others, should have good communication skills. (Grohar and DiCroce, 2002)Research indicates that the nursing professions carry a number of responsibilities shared among staff in a particular health provision center. Under this we find that different ranks of nurses are given different responsibilities, whereby the Executive nurse in any health organization is given the mandatory to ensure that the organization he is working with is provided with a kind leadership that proves to be visionary to the nursing services provided. He is also has the authority to upli ft the standards of nursing set in the organization. The executive nurses’ obligations are therefore meant to monitor the operations of the nursing team under him in the organization, thus enhancing a better involvement of the nurses in making decisions affecting the management of the organization thus enabling teamwork among the workers. (Grohar and DiCroce, 2002)There are also other types of nurses in the line of leadership in the nursing administration such as the clinical nurse managers whose responsibility is to coordinate and manage the nursing practices in the organization. Nurse Managers also organize and plan giving health care to a large number of people and bringing quality results such as development of staff, strategic planning and care management.Research within the framework of nursing management and leadership has shown that the practices for managerial nurses has changed as a result of good payment, reduced number of people being admitted and reducing the per iod of stay in the nursing profession.Nursing administrators   have also taken additional responsibilities due to extended nursing care such as mobile health care, outpatient clinics and surgi-centers.The responsibilities include negotiating for contracts, looking for supportive services and managing services in other displines are related to nursing profession (Radcliffe, 2000)Nursing administration includes a number of different leadership and management practices such as consumer’s likes and dislikes, political changes, atmosphere in the market, which brings changes in the health care systems. Nurse administrators have different levels of education which include masters of Science in nursing, masters of health administration, certificates of science in nursing and self-study.Since the nursing administration involves the interaction of the nursing practitioner with the clients, it requires one to have an enormous knowledge in communication and an artistic mind that will p ermit the administrator to raise and solve issues in an effective manner. This calls for the people interested in leadership in nursing profession to have the professional approach in ensuring that his or her obligation is well executed. The administrator has to carry out a health care plan which is usually formed using nursing procedures. The first step requires the administrator involved to get information about the subject matter after which he or she looks in to the problem and the possible solutions he then gives orders and the way forward to the people under him so that the problem is solved. (Radcliffe, 2000)A leader in the nursing profession should be able to maintain a good relationship with the professional nurses to avoid them leaving the profession due the feelings of inadequacy, oppression, stress, disempowerment, intimidation, undermining and insubordination. Other factors in care hospitals such as low morale, heavier workloads, reduced resources, can contribute to poo r performance in the profession hence leaving the profession. It is of great essence that the above issues are taken in to consideration in order to retain the nurses and give them morale to work well and administer effective health care. (Sullivan and Decker1997)A wide category of nursing administration is seen in different fields which include: psychology, research in nursing, health care administration, clinical nursing, social sciences and medicine in general. Ways through which leadership and management are carried out is largely borrowed from business administration so it is highly recommended for nurse administrators to be conversant with business and social science materials. A nurse administrator also should be able to intermingle with other health professionals who are believed to be of higher rank and with great experience so that they can be able to learn from them.A leader in the nursing profession should also be a person who has enough experience in the nursing field. He should be conversant with what happens in the field and daily changes which occur for the benefit of those receiving the nursing services. He should be able to interact with all the people who are under him. An administrator should also be able to seek advice and get suggestions from other administrators from different places whom they hold the same position.Leadership and management should be taken as a collective endeavor and responsibility for every one. It should be shared among all the nursing administration and the nurses themselves regardless of their positions because they have responsibility of correcting the challenging factors in the nursing profession. Good administration of leadership in the nursing profession makes it easier and effective to give good services to those who require nursing services thus preventing risks and illness which may lead to death and achieving and maintaining a better health status for a healthy society. (Sullivan and Decker1997)Reference:Gr ohar M and DiCroce H (2002), Leadership and Management in Nursing, Third edition,Prentice-Hall Upper Saddle RiverRadcliffe M (2000), Doctors & nurses, new game same result. British medical journalSullivan E and Decker J (1997): Effective Leadership & Management in Nursing. Addison Wesley, Menlo Park, CA